Saturday, October 20, 2012

From Conservative to Liberal Muslim ; A Personal Journey

  
by Ahmed M. Abou Hussein*

An Egyptian man waves the national flag next to a graffiti on a newly whitewashed wall in Tahrir Square in Cairo on Friday, Sept. 21. (PHOTO ap, Nasser Nasser)
17 October 2012 / ,
I come from a typical Egyptian family that did not emphasize religious teachings as much as it did morals in general. Stealing, lying and cheating are bad traits because they are immoral, not because they are forbidden.
 My relationship with Islam was very opaque until the age of 15, when a friend of ours started attending religious seminars and listening to Islamic recordings by state-banned sheikhs. I started to indulge myself in conservative Islamic teachings so fast that, as I remember, in the first few months of being a practicing Muslim, I read dozens of Islamic books and booklets (printed in the Gulf), listened to multiple recordings and attended dozens of Islamic seminars. The excitement of getting to know my religion and doing something against the state was quite gratifying, yet not fulfilling. Soon and at the age of 16, I stopped talking to girls or shaking their hands, listening to music, watching television or going to the movies. My family had some objections, but the more they objected, the more stubborn I became.

It was like an unofficial competition with everybody. The more alarmed people would be by my drastic views, the firmer I became. However, whenever I was alone, I would start doubting and questioning. “Is Islam so inflexible?” I asked myself repeatedly. Later on, I started to discuss these matters with my ultraconservative friends. I started voicing my opinions against our segregation from women. We should not focus all of our attention on what they wear or don’t wear. I started to read about music’s history and wonder how it could be wrong to listen to music when it can make you love God, the world and humanity. Above all I started to question our sense of superiority over other faiths. “Fascism,” I remember saying once. I attended a seminar on a famous ultraconservative sheikh, in which I felt he was preaching hate, whether it be towards Sufis, Asharites, Christians, Jews, or whoever. I detested his message of hate.


As I joined the American University in Cairo (AUC), I detached myself from the ultraconservative crowd, which some call Salafis, though I don’t. Why not? Salafi means someone who bases the foundations of his faith on the beliefs and actions of the Prophet (PBUH) and his companions. This means that all Muslims are Salafis, not a specific group. Therefore, people with ultraconservative ideas shouldn’t be called Salafis or Islamists, they should be called ultraconservative. At AUC I became friends with a group of “moderate Islamists” which later I identified as youth of the Muslim Brotherhood.  They were nice people dedicated to charity. However, I was appalled by their extreme attitude of Islamizing everything -- Islamic music, Islamic acting, Islamic politics, Islamic demonstrations, Islamic meetings (gender segregation), Islamic male dominance (girls cannot head the club) and so on. Their greatest rival was a group called the Christian Assembly, a religious group that became political; both these groups helped to segment a supposedly liberal university into two camps with the crescent and cross apart. For me both groups were the same. They notoriously used religion for political gains and manipulating the masses, which resembles the current situation in Egypt. In the Islamic group, I didn’t get the chance to question, to preserve my individualism, so I left it and felt pity towards the Christian one.


I went astray for some time. I felt lost. A professor of mine told me to read about Turkey and Sufism. I told him that I heard that Istanbul’s mayor got imprisoned for reciting an Islamic poem. My professor replied that this mayor is the current prime minister of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. My appetite for reading about Turkey had and has no end. Since then I started reading about Bediüzzaman Said Nursi, Fethullah Gülen and others who I felt had a way of bridging Islam with liberty (hürriyet in Turkish), not just democracy. I held their message of love and freedom in esteem. Much later when I was done with my master’s courses, I decided to write my thesis about Turkey’s political parties’ governance, especially the Justice and Development Party (AK Party).
Through my thesis I became familiar with the work of Mustafa Akyol, a young Turkish writer with a wonderful book called “Islam without Extremes, a Muslim Case for Liberty.” In his articles firstly and later on in his book, I was introduced to a concept that I always had deep in my heart but couldn’t label, “Muslim liberalism.” Akyol’s writings make you understand why Turkey is much more sophisticated and developed that its Muslim counterparts. It is because Turkey, even though it is secular, has worked on implementing Shariah more than any other “Islamic” country. Their pursuit for the preservation of “religion, life, lineage, intellect, property,” which are the goals of Shariah (maqasid), while at the same time maintaining Akyol’s three freedoms -- freedom from the state, freedom to sin and freedom from Islam itself -- is more evident than the rest of the Islamic countries. Though Turkey is not a model quite yet and there is much more work to be done (especially on press freedoms and social justice), it remains a good example for Muslim liberalism.


*Ahmed M. Abou Hussein is an MPPA policy analyst with the Egyptian Decentralization Initiative (EDI).
 Catitan Sut:
Begitulah adat hidup, ketika muda remaja kita mempunyai semangat yang tinggi, menjunjung idealism dalam bentuknya yang belum matang . Di samping mempunyai tenaga  ditahap hampir tidak mengenal penat, Kita juga sukakan cabaran, kerap pula mencari risiko. Kita tertarik dengan tulisan dan doktrin yang mudah dan jelas mengariskan garisan pemisah antara  putih dari hitam, antara Islam dari Jahiliyyah. Kita tertarik kepada expression luaran jelas dan slogan yang lantang. Kita merasa faham Islam kitalah yang sempurna, serta kita simpati kalau tidakpun  membenci anggota masyarakat yang lebih berumur tetapi tidak memahami Islam sebagaimana yang kita faham.
Kemudian semakin kita berumur ,kita mulai berfikir tentang pengisian jiwa yang sebenarnya dapat memakna kepada kehidupan. Kita dapat merasai begitu banyak lopong dalam kehidupan kita kerana kecuaian kita sendiri. kita merasakan kita telah berusaha bukan di tempat yang paling dituntut kita berusaha, iaitu pengislahan jiwa kita sendiri.

Sebahagian kita pula semakin terdedah kepada kehidupan berkarier, kehidupan berkeluarga dan pergaulan dengan masyarakat yang lebih beraneka. Kita mejadi semakin larut dalam kehidupan sebegini, sehingga semakin hanyut daripada idealism dan nilai-nilai yang pernah kita perjuangkan suatu masa dahulu. Kita menjadi conformist kepada kepercayaan dan amalan orang banyak.

Ada pula yang berubah pandangannya terhadap Islam, ruang fahamannya terhadap agama tidaklah bertambah luas bahkan mungkin sebaliknya  tetapi akan memilih untuk menjenguk agama dari jendela faham yang berbeza. Dia menjadi lebih lunak, lebih ke bumi , hanya kadang-kadang Islam dijenguk dari jendela faham liberal , pluralist, humanist dalam berbentuk contextual.  

Realiti kehidupan; antara harapan merebut peluang dengan bimbang terhadap kehilangannya telah menyebabkan banyak di antara kita yang terpacu ke arah-arah yang diisyaratkan oleh cita-cita dan kebimbangan sedemikian itu. Semakin lama hidup semakin jauh kita dari jalan yang kita pernah ikuti di zaman muda remaja. Sehingga ada yang bukan sekadar tergelincir dari jalan yang pernah dijejakinya dahulu, bahkan menentang sesiapa sahaja yang mahu melalui jalan tersebut. Dia memandang remeh dan serong kepada mereka yang mahu melaluinya.

Semakin berusia kita, semakin banyak yang kita harapkan dan semakin banyak yang kita bimbangkan tentang kehidupan dunia kita. Kita bukan sekadar membina harapan untuk diri kita, kita bukan hanya menaruh bimbang kepada diri kita, bahkan hatrapan kita semakin luas  meliputi diri kita, isteri kita, anak-anak kita sehingga anak buah kita serta usaha kerja kita. Begitu juga kebimbangan kita.

Untuk mencari keseimbangan, antara semangat dan dorongan orang muda dengan pertimbangan pengalaman dan pandangan jauh orang tua pada diri kita bukanlah sesuatu yang mudah.Untuk menghalusi pemahaman kita terhadap sesuatu isu bukanlah semudah membezakan antara hitam dan putih. Untuk menikmati kemanisan dan kelazatan hidup beragama yang bermakna memerlukan kesungguhan dan disiplin diri.

Ustaz Badiuzzaman Said an-Nursi mempunyai hayat yang panjang, melebihi 90 tahun. Semangat dan dorongannya untuk berkhidmat kepada ajaran al-Quran dan Islam seluruhnya sentiasa berada di kemuncak walaupun pada usia tuanya. Kematangan dan pandangan jauhnya dalam tindakan dan usahanya menghasilkan kebijaksanaan yang luar biasa.

Kita dapat melihat kedalaman ilmunya melalui kupasannnya dalam tulisan-tulisan tinggalan beliau, sering mengupas sesuatu isu dari sudut yang tidak disentuhpun oleh faham pengkaji lain.Dia bersikap tegas dalam tolak-ansur yang tinggi.

Keseronokan kepada kelebihan huraiannya terhadap sesuatu isu secara ilmiyyah ada kalanya mengalpakan kita dari melihat sudut kehidupan  kerohanian beliau. Kita  akan turut terpegun sebagaimana terpegunnya kita meniti huraian ilmiyyah beliau dalam melihat bagaimana  penuntut-penuntut Risalah an-Nur masih begitu tekun melazimi bacaan-bacaan surah-surah pilihan dan ayat-ayat petikan dari surah-surah tertentu. membaca Jauzan al-Kabir dan nazam al-Jaljalutiyyah saban hari, wirid selepas setiap sembahyang fardu dan lain-lain amalan. 

Kenikmatan dalam menghirup huraian ilmu yang begitu  jernih penerangannya berserta kenikmatan dalam menutur zikir dengan lidah dan hati telah menjanakan gerak-kerja yang luar biasa di kalangan penuntut-penutut Rislah an-Nur. Gabungan ini telah mencambahkan kebijaksanaan dalam membuat keputusan, kesabaran dan ketabahan dalam mengharungi halangan dan keberkasanan dari tindakan.

Ramai yang mungkin terpesona melihat sebahagian penuntut Risalah an-Nur yang bersikap pragmatik dan terbuka dalam kehidupan politik dan sosial. Ramai yang terkeliru dengan sebahagian penuntut Risalah an-Nur yang minta berlindung dengan Allah dari Syaitan dan politik tetapi secara aktif merancang gerak-kerja yang berkait dengan siyasah. Ramai yang mengkagumi melihat bagaimana mereka menguasai akhbar dan penglibatan dalam pendidikan dari pra-sekolah sehingga ke peringkat universiti.

Bagaimana kita mahu menyifatkan mereka: adakah mereka conservative atau liberal; atau liberal conservative? **

**teringat istilah DSAI yang menyifat pendiriannya sebagai modern traditionalist, suatu paradox dan contradiction yang sulit untuk dihadam


 


 

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